Hold a metal sample for one hour at your chosen temperature and watch the oxide scale grow — in air, and in a vacuum chamber (a “V” model).
600 °C
Model: parabolic scale growth x² = kp·t with an Arrhenius rate constant kp ∝ exp(−Ea/RT), the classical Wagner / Deal–Grove diffusion-limited regime; the vacuum panel uses the same law with the oxidant supply suppressed. Representative kinetics in relative units — a schematic teaching aid, not data for any specific alloy.